Throughout history, people have used roses for their fragrance, as food, and as a remedy for various diseases.
Rose water is made by distilling the petals of various roses, most commonly Rosa damascena. It’s also called rose hydrosol. Rose water is applied to the skin to prevent microbial infections and support the skin’s immune system. It is also commonly used in cosmetic products for fragrance and potential skin benefits.
Roses have historically symbolized purity and beauty. Various parts of the rose, such as petals, hips, and leaves, have been used in medicine, teas, coloring, perfume, and skincare.
Rose water is made by steaming rose petals. The steam carries the water and essential oils in the rose. Then, the steam passes through a cooling system and turns back into liquid form. The oil and water separate as the mixture cools, with the oil floating on top. These are then separated into two products: rose water and rose oil. Any impurities are then removed.
Rose water is generally used in skincare or as an ingredient in traditional dishes in some cultures. Roses are also used to reduce stress, as most people find their fragrance calming and soothing.
Limited clinical studies demonstrate the health benefits of roses and the effects of rose water. Roses contain many phenolic compounds that act as antioxidants. These compounds can also have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Rose water made from different varieties of roses could also have compositional differences.
Antimicrobial
Rose hydrosol might inhibit bacterial growth on the hands.
In one small study of 45 volunteers, researchers took a sample of bacteria from their hands. Participants then rubbed their hands with either 3 milliliters (mL) of alcohol-based antiseptic or rose hydrosol. The alcohol-based antiseptic significantly reduced bacterial counts, but the rose hydrosol group did not show a significant reduction.
In another clinical study, researchers added rose water to a mouthwash in hopes of decreasing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in intensive care unit patients. VAP can occur in people who use medical tubes for mechanical ventilation because the tube can allow bacteria to enter the lungs. To prevent this, a person’s mouth is washed with an oral solution.
Researchers saw lower incidences of early-onset pneumonia (which occurs in the first days of ventilation) in people who used the mouthwash with rose water. However, there was no difference in the incidence of late-onset VAP.
Anti-Inflammatory
Rose water is traditionally used to ease skin redness or itchiness.
One study examined how rose water affects the inflammatory response to some skin infections that can cause those symptoms. The researchers found that rose water might reduce the growth of some bacteria and help the skin’s immune response. However, the study used human cell lines in a lab (in Petri dishes), not real participants, so the evidence is limited.
Another study also showed that rose petal extract may reduce inflammation caused by ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Researchers think this may be due to its high antioxidant content and activity. However, this study was also done in human cells, not in participants. More clinical studies are needed.
Calming Effects
Some people find the smell of roses calming.
One study looked at how smelling rose oil as aromatherapy can affect anxiety and sleep quality. Operating room personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic inhaled either two drops of rose oil or a placebo for 10 minutes before their morning shift. They also had a cloth pillow side with five drops of rose oil for 30 nights.
Participants who smelled rose oil scored significantly better in some anxiety and sleep quality tests. However, the study was small and only looked at the effects of rose oil, not rose water.
Many manufacturers sell a wide range of rose products and rose water. You can make rose water at home by following these steps:
- Collect or buy fresh rose petals. Like other crops, roses can be treated with chemicals and pesticides. You can choose organic, pesticide-free roses.
- Rinse the petals to remove any dirt. Place the petals in a large pot with enough distilled water to cover them. Distilled water is preferable over tap water because tap water contains minerals that can affect the quality of the rose water.
- Heat the covered pot over medium heat until it boils. Then, reduce the heat and let the petals simmer for about half an hour. You will notice that the petals lose their color. Try not to overheat, as this can cause a loss of fragrance.
- Allow the water to cool, then remove the petals and refrigerate the water. Your rose water is ready for use.
Rose water or other rose-based skincare products can cause skin irritation and allergic contact dermatitis. You may experience redness, itchiness, and swelling.
The American Dermatology Association recommends testing skincare products on several areas of the skin before using them regularly. This can help prevent allergies and other side effects. Before using rose water:
- Apply the product to several test spots at least twice a day for a week.
- It’s better if the product stays on the skin longer, so don’t wash it off.
- If you don’t have a skin reaction after 7-10 days, you can continue using it. If you observe a reaction, wash the product off and don’t use it. If the reaction worsens, you should see a dermatologist (a doctor who specializes in skin, hair, and nails).
Synthetic essences or other essential oils can be added to rose water, which may decrease the quality of the product. It’s best to buy products from known and trusted manufacturers. You can also research a product’s composition and manufacturing method. Consult your dermatologist to learn about the best skincare routine suitable for your skin.
Rose water is used in skincare products, as a remedy for diseases, and added to foods in many cultures. It contains antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial compounds.
There is not enough evidence to show that applying rose water to the skin or consuming it results in significant benefits. However, some still find rose water calming and relaxing.
